Melbourne – The City of Graffiti

Graffiti – Art or Vandalism?

Graffiti, with its raw and defiant nature, still has the ability to raise eyebrows, but as street art becomes mainstream and the quality of the work increases, the debate on its legitimacy as an art form is finally beginning to settle.

Side Street in Melbourne
Side Street in Melbourne

 

In an effort to explore this genre further, we have been following the movement recently. However the catalyst for this special issue was a visit to Melbourne, Australia – The City of Graffiti – here we were confronted with this controversial issue many times, seeing both, great pieces of art and bad vandalism. Though our focus here is on graffiti rather than the numerous other forms of street art, it might be useful to give some definitions first.

What is Street Art?

Street art is any art developed in public spaces — that is, “in the streets” — though the term usually refers to unsanctioned art, as opposed to government sponsored initiatives. The term can include traditional graffiti artwork, sculpture, stencil graffiti, sticker art, wheatpasting and street poster art, video projection, art intervention, guerrilla art, flash mobbing and street installations. Typically, the term street art or the more specific post-graffiti is used to distinguish contemporary public-space artwork from territorial graffiti, vandalism, and corporate art.

Artists have challenged art by situating it in non-art contexts. ‘Street’ artists do not aspire to change the definition of an artwork, but rather to question the existing environment with its own language. They attempt to have their work communicate with everyday people about socially relevant themes in ways that are informed by esthetic values without being imprisoned by them.

Forms of Street Art

PAINTING - Melbourne
PAINTING – Melbourne

Traditional – Painting on the surfaces of public or private property that is visible to the public, commonly with a can of spray paint or roll-on paint. It may be comprised of just simple words (commonly the writer’s name) or be more artful and elaborate, covering a surface with a mural image.

STENCIL
STENCIL

Stencil – Painting with the use of a homemade stencil, usually a paper or cardboard cutout, to create an image that can be easily reproduced. The desired design is cut out of a selected medium, and the image is transferred to a surface through the use of spray paint or roll-on paint.

 

 

 

 

STICKER

Sticker- (aka sticker bombing, slap tagging, and sticker tagging) Propagates an image or message in public spaces using homemade stickers. These stickers commonly promote a political agenda, comment on a policy or issue, or comprise an avantgarde art campaign. Sticker art is considered a subcategory of postmodern art.

 

 

MOSAIC

Mosaic- Mosaic is the art of creating images with an assemblage of smaller parts or pieces, to resemble a single giant piece of art.

 

 

PROJECTION

Video Projection– Digitally projecting a computer-manipulated image onto a surface via a light and projection system.

INSTALLATION

Street installation

Street installations are a growing trend within the ‘street art’ movement. Whereas conventional street art and graffiti is done on surfaces or walls, ‘street installations’ use 3-D objects and space to interfere with the urban environment. Like graffiti, it is non-permission based and once the object or sculpture is installed it is left there by the artist.

Types of Graffiti

Graffiti comes in all shapes and sizes. There are a number of different types and styles of graffiti. There is a number of distinct types of graffiti: pieces, tags, stencils, throw ups, characters, panels, productions, short messages or pictures and sticker graffiti. These may be done in a number of different styles such as public, Los Angeles, New York, bubble writing or the graffitist’s own unique style. The graffiti may be done with a number of different materials ranging from spray paint cans to drill bits used for etching and encompasses everything in between such as stencil outlines, marker pens and stickers.

Tags

A stylized signature, normally done in one color. The simplest and most prevalent type of graffiti, a tag is often done in a color that contrasts sharply with its background. Tag can also be used as a verb meaning “to sign”. Writers often tag on or beside their pieces, following the practice of traditional artists who sign their artwork. Typically tags take just seconds to write or put up. They may be done with a variety of graffiti implements including spray paint, marker pens, textas, etching implements such as drill bits or even pens, pencils and crayons. Some graffitists even modify their marker pens or paints so that they scar or leave a permanent mark.

Pieces

The next most common form of graffiti reported by the interview participants was piecing. A piece is a painting, and is short for ‘masterpiece’.17 A piece requires considerably more stylistic input than a tag, will involve multiple colours and be completely filled in. Often a piece will be a more complicated version of the graffitist’s tag or crew tag, or it may be another word, a character or another picture altogether.

Interview participants who identified as ‘piecers’ were typically motivated by fame or artistic expression. These two motivations are intertwined for some graffitists because a high quality piece that is in some way unique will bring its writer respect and fame. It should be noted that most piecers identified fame as a motivation and/or associated themselves with a graffiti sub-culture. Very few of the participants identified art as their primary motivation for doing graffiti. This is not to say that graffiti does not provide an outlet for artistic expression, rather, ‘piecers’ may be described as ‘doing graffiti artistically’ rather than ‘doing art illegally’.

Throw Ups

A throw-up or “throwie” sits between a tag and a piece in terms of complexity and time investment. It generally consists of a one-color outline and one layer of fill-color. Easy-to-paint bubble shapes often form the letters. A throw-up is designed for quick execution, to avoid attracting attention to the writer. Throw-ups are often utilized by writers who wish to achieve a large number of tags while competing with rival artists. Most artists have both a tag and a throw-up that are essentially fixed compared to pieces. It is mostly so because they need to have a recognizable logo for others to identify them and their own individual styles

One artist noted,

I use my throwie like most people use their tag.” Most interview participants who did throw ups reported them taking just seconds to do. However, where a tag might take five seconds to do a throwie might take 30 seconds.

 

Who are the graffiti writers?

Halsey and Young (University of Melbourne) conducted the Graffiti Culture Research Project in 2012. They concluded that graffiti writers in South Australia are:

– mostly male;

– most likely to be aged between 12 and 25 years, with younger writers almost always engaging in tagging and older writers doing pieces;

– from a broad range of social backgrounds, with around a quarter of writers having been alienated from academic institutions; and,

– often deeply engaged in writing for a limited period of time (perhaps 2-3 years)

The motivations of persons who do graffiti

The research corroborates a number of previous findings in identifying a wide range of reasons why participants do graffiti, including:

  • Pursuit of ‘illegal fame’ or recognition
  • An adrenaline rush
  • Emotional expression
  • Malicious damage
  • Art
  • Fun
  • Political expression
  • Competition
  • A hobby
  • To meet people or for social reasons
  • Because it is funny

A small but interesting number of individuals attributed their graffiti to artistic expression.

One participant commented:

Graffiti is, in my opinion, one of the last true remaining art forms, because it’s an underground art form. It’s what art, to me, should be about. It should be about your own self-expression, not about for the gratification of the public. Like, I love, you know, my art like, my art is walking at 3am in the morning down train lines and seeing just piece after wicked piece and just sitting there and admiring just how beautiful that work is.

It’s important to note that this participant put emphasis on the context in which the piece is done, that is, along train lines. The interview participant’s reference to graffiti as an ‘underground art form’ indicates the piece would not have the same level of meaning and attractiveness to the participant if it was done, for example, on a legal wall in broad daylight. For this graffitist, the art is contextual:

Part of the form of expression is the act of doing it illegally. This person may use legal graffiti walls on occasion but is unlikely to be completely diverted from practicing illegal graffiti.

In contrast, one person who was an art student who happened to do graffiti illegally a few times said:

I guess, I look up to the artists and it is just like a heaps good form of art I think. Yeah, if you want like the public to see something like a controversial message or put your point of view out there, it’s a good form of art to do that because it’s in the public eye and stuff and you get reactions from it.

This participant did stencil graffiti illegally to show off his art. For him, there was little or no ‘graffiti culture’ involved in the decision to do graffiti vandalism; he could be described as doing art illegally rather than practicing artistic graffiti.

To illustrate these findings let me quote some statements from an interview as published on the famous website melbournegraffiti.com which contains over 4,000 high quality photos of Australian and worldwide graffiti on trains, walls and in the streets. MelbourneGraffiti has been around for over 10 years and is preserved in the National Library of Australia’s Pandora Archives.

 

DSCREET : SDM TRP BTP TEAM LOSER

What is it that you love about graffiti that keeps you writing?

Freedom of expression; stress relief -people you meet -places it takes you; you would never even consider to spend any time in most of these shitty locations if it wasn’t for graff, but then it’s worth it when you find these far removed dilapidated factories, tunnels and train yards, ghost towns and generally places that are considered out of bounds for the average Joe Schmo…

Tell us about your style and how it has developed over the years.

 Went through a phase of incorporating organic alien like features into weird wildstyles, I liked abstractions of letters that didn’t look like letters. lately I enjoy the opposite ; simple blockbusters, comic characters, funky throwups, instant recognition and legibility but with an individual spin on it.

Any tips you’re willing to share to the next generation of writers?

Have fun with it, keep an open mind and do what you feel. If it’s not fun, then take a break or switch up your style, don’t be afraid to experiment because the haters are watching; experimenting is the primary way to find your own style and not live off others. Draw a lot.

Graffiti – Vandalism or art?

There are pieces of great art and there is also just poor scribbling. Both are almost always illegal, a criminal offence, no matter how great their artistic value might be. Is it vandalism? A vandal, apart from the historical reference to the Germanic people of the fourth and fifth centuries who invaded parts of Western Europe, is generally understood in terms of the Oxford English Dictionary, that is, as being a wilful or ignorant destroyer of property, or of anything beautiful, venerable, or worthy of preservation. Yet for most graffiti artists their work is not about destruction so much as being an addition to the environment, a considered placement. It is not the slashing of seats, nor is it the smashing of windows; it is not permanent nor is it a physical attack, but it is illegal.

Among public authorities in Australia the way how to deal with this phenomen is discussed controversially though the majority opinion seems to stress the legal bearings and are dermined to play hard ball on this issue:

In Western Australia, under the Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913, graffiti vandalism (graffiti) is a criminal offence. The recent doubling of existing penalties and legislative inclusions banning sale and supply of spray paint and certain implements to juveniles elevates the seriousness of graffiti as a criminal damage offence.

Graffiti vandalism can take the form of writing, drawing or scratching onto surfaces using different implements such as paint, chalk, markers and stickers.  Graffiti Vandalism is illegal and police are now taking a tougher approach in targeting offenders.  

WA Police Graffiti Team, 2011

However, the same WA Police Graffiti Team concedes

The way in which graffiti has been managed in the past has been determined mainly by responding to community concerns rather than through a more focused, intelligence led and research-based approach

One intelligence led and research-based approach for me seems to be The Graffiti Management Plan

Introduced by the City of Melbourne in 2009.

The plan focuses on:

  • eradication
  • engagement
  • education
  • enforcement

The City of Melbourne recognises there is widespread concern about graffiti tagging within the municipality. At the same time, tourists and visitors regularly view street art murals.

This plan distinguishes between the need to remove unwanted graffiti applied without permission and street art murals placed on walls and infrastructure with the blessing of property owners and in accordance with the Council’s approval criteria and planning laws.

Here the officials recognise that street art, displayed with permission, has artistic merit and contributes to the municipality’s vibrant urban culture and also object to tagging and claim

This form of graffiti is the most wide-spread and considered the most unsightly. Unlike street art, it detracts from the visual presentation of our city and diminishes perceptions that Melbourne is a friendly and safe place to visit.

There are some new ways to tackle graffiti at least after years of mostly ineffective measures such as punishment of graffiti artists and removal of their work:

  • Graffiti on private property will be removed at no cost to owners by the City of Melbourne.
  • A dedicated ‘graffiti truck’ will roam the municipality to identify and remove graffiti
  • More legal street art sites will be created, which artists can contribute to and help maintain.
  • It is now easier to apply for a street art permit from the City of Melbourne.

The third point is stressed in particular, the wish to put street art on a legal basis:

The City of Melbourne will continue its graffiti mentoring program to engage artists. This provides opportunities for street artists to exhibit their work at local galleries and includes our successful street art program, which gives graffiti artists opportunities to contribute to legal street art in the City of Melbourne municipality.

More sites for legal street art will be created. For example, we will work with construction companies to allow street art program sites on some hoardings. A new partnership with VicRoads will create legal street art on signal boxes throughout the municipality.

We will support property owners, managers and artists to maintain murals created under the street art program.

Artists may be supported to ‘adopt a wall’ and take responsibility for maintaining a recognised street art site.

This sounds good, however, many, if not most of the street artists might not be happy with the offer to create their artworks within certain allocated sites legally.

As mentioned above the underground art form aspect has to be considered and none of the Melbourne Plan measures will cope with this:

Graffiti is, in my opinion, one of the last true remaining art forms, because it’s an underground art form…. my art is walking at 3am in the morning down train lines and seeing just piece after wicked piece and just sitting there and admiring just how beautiful that work is – (xxmb melbourne street artist)

 

For me the following story clearly shows how the attitude towards graffiti can be changed simply by the way you are affected:

Vandalism or art? Struggle between graffiti producers and those who seek to prevent  it has flared again

By Doug MacCash, The Times-Picayune, New Orleans

Businessman Jerry Schiffman said he was “just amazed.” He’d assumed that the row of cavernous warehouses near his beverage distribution depot in Bywater had been unoccupied since the 2005 flood. But apparently there had been visitors…”From the looks of the trash,” Schiffman said, “they had a house full of people.”

Most remarkable were the graffiti murals that lined the walls: a giant old-fashioned typewriter tapping out the letters NOLA, a school of cartoonish fish, a swarm of ladybugs clambering over an enormous audiocassette, a skull surrounded by the red sunbeams of a Japanese battle flag, a purple-faced king, and row after row of elaborate, interlocking lettering.

Graffiti this large, detailed and time-consuming to produce is an unusual find in the Crescent City, where unauthorized outdoor marking is usually quickly painted over. The exterior of the nightclub warehouse was almost entirely untouched, presumably to avoid drawing the attention of roving graffiti eradicators.

Schiffman said he admired the artistry; he considered it a visual improvement to the otherwise bleak industrial interior. There was also a part of him that admired the stealth involved; no one outside, he said, had heard or seen a thing. He pointed out that, except for one sexually vulgar passage, the markings weren’t offensive and the police “didn’t seem very concerned about it.”

Schiffman’s favorite piece of graffiti was the 10-foot-long pink tyrannosaurus.

His least favorite was the ballooning black lettering that appeared on one of his white delivery trucks parked near the warehouse a month after he discovered the murals — a bit of unfortunate self-expression that Schiffman said would cost his insurer $2,500 to eradicate.

“Up until that point there was never real damage done,” he said. “They’d only painted the walls of an abandoned warehouse. I had to pull that truck out of service and I’m about to have to have it repainted. At that point I wasn’t very happy. I got aggravated with the whole situation.”

Schiffman finds himself at the crossroads of an ongoing controversy. He is not opposed to what some call street art. Like most property owners, he is opposed to costly vandalism.

©Text and Photos: Bernd Riebe

Zu diesem Thema gibt es zwei interessante Beiträge von Xenia:

Harald Naegeli – der Sprayer von Zürich

Banksy – das Phantom unter den Sprayern

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